Breast and gynecologic cancers as a Brazilian health priority

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Cancer imposes a profound burden on low- and middle-income countries where 65% of the global cancer deaths occurred in 2020. The objective of the present review was to describe female cancer epidemiology in Brazil, barriers to prevention, screening, and treatment, and to propose strategies to a better control. METHODS: For the process of literature search and scientific acquisition, we have utilized the terms "female cancer" AND "breast cancer," AND "cervical cancer" AND "endometrial cancer" AND "ovarian cancer" AND "Brazil" in PubMed. References of the articles included in this review were manually searched in order to identify relevant studies on the topic. The official Brazilian epidemiology data were extensively analyzed at the governmental site www.inca.gov.br. RESULTS: Considering cases of breast and gynecologic cancers together, 105,770 new cases are expected to be diagnosed yearly, positioning female cancer as the highest cancer incidence in Brazil. Female breast cancer is the most common and the leading cause of death from cancer in the female population in all regions of Brazil, except in the North, where cervical cancer ranks first. Cervical cancer, a preventable disease, corresponds to the third-most common neoplasia in women, with higher incidences in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. An upward trend has been observed in endometrial cancer incidence, a tendency that follows the increase of its two most common risk factors: population aging and obesity. Ovarian cancer currently occupies the eighth position among female cancers in Brazil, but it is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. The main strategies to reduce female cancer mortality rates are the reduction of inequalities in healthcare services and the early diagnosis of cases. The lack of a specific national cancer program results in a reactive and unplanned approach to healthcare provision, ultimately leading to suboptimal resource utilization and higher expenditure. CONCLUSION: Analyzed together, breast and gynecologic cancers correspond to the leading cause of cancer in Brazil. A heterogeneous group, female cancer includes diseases with a high primary and secondary prevention potential. The organization of a female cancer program in Brazil prioritizing primary and secondary prevention strategies, such as adequate mammography screening and human papillomavirus vaccination coverage, could significantly improve female cancer control in the country.

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis: study protocol of a phase ii trial / Quimioterapia intraperitoneal para o câncer gástrico com carcinomatose peritoneal: protocolo de estudo de um ensaio de fase ii

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Peritoneal carcinomatosis in gastric cancer is considered a fatal disease, without expectation of definitive cure. As systemic chemotherapy is not sufficient to contain the disease, a multimodal approach associating intraperitoneal chemotherapy with surgery may represent an alternative for these cases. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of intraperitoneal chemotherapy in stage IV gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. METHODS: This study is a single institutional single-arm prospective clinical trial phase II (NCT05541146). Patients with the following inclusion criteria undergo implantation of a peritoneal catheter for intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Stage IV gastric adenocarcinoma; age 18-75 years; Peritoneal carcinomatosis with peritoneal cancer index<12; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0/1; good clinical status; and lab exams within normal limits. The study protocol consists of four cycles of intraperitoneal chemotherapy with paclitaxel associated with systemic chemotherapy. After treatment, patients with peritoneal response assessed by staging laparoscopy undergo conversion gastrectomy. RESULTS: The primary outcome is the rate of complete peritoneal response. Progression-free and overall survivals are other outcomes evaluated. The study started in July 2022, and patients will be screened for inclusion until 30 are enrolled. CONCLUSIONS: Therapies for advanced gastric cancer patients have been evaluated in clinical trials but without success in patients with peritoneal metastasis. The treatment proposed in this trial can be promising, with easy catheter implantation and ambulatory intraperitoneal chemotherapy regime. Verifying the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel with systemic chemotherapy is an important progress that this study intends to investigate.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A carcinomatose peritoneal no câncer gástrico é considerada uma doença fatal, sem expectativa de cura definitiva. Como a quimioterapia sistêmica não é suficiente para conter a doença, uma abordagem multimodal associando a quimioterapia intraperitoneal à cirurgia pode representar uma alternativa para esses casos. OBJETIVOS: Investigar o papel da quimioterapia intraperitoneal em pacientes com câncer gástrico estágio IV com metástases peritoneais. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico prospectivo unicêntrico, braço único, fase II (NCT05541146). Pacientes com os seguintes critérios de inclusão serão submetidos à implantação de cateter peritoneal para quimioterapia intraperitoneal: adenocarcinoma gástrico estágio IV; idade 18-75 anos; carcinomatose peritoneal com índice de câncer peritoneal<12; ECOG 0/1; bom estado clínico e exames laboratoriais dentro da normalidade. O protocolo do estudo consiste em 4 ciclos de quimioterapia intraperitoneal com Paclitaxel associado à quimioterapia sistêmica. Após o tratamento, os pacientes com resposta peritoneal avaliada por laparoscopia serão submetidos à gastrectomia de conversão. RESULTADOS: O desfecho primário é a taxa de resposta peritoneal completa. A sobrevida livre de progressão e global são outros desfechos avaliados. O estudo foi iniciado em julho de 2022 e os pacientes serão selecionados para inclusão até que 30 sejam inscritos. CONCLUSIONS: Terapias para pacientes com câncer gástrico avançado foram avaliadas em ensaios clínicos, mas sem sucesso em pacientes com metástase peritoneal. O tratamento proposto neste estudo pode ser promissor, com fácil implantação do cateter e regime de quimioterapia intraperitoneal ambulatorial. Verificar a eficácia e segurança do Paclitaxel associado à quimioterapia sistêmica é um progresso importante que o presente estudo pretende investigar.

Atualização das recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia para o diagnóstico e tratamento do carcinoma hepatocellular / Brazilian society of hepatology updated recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

ABSTRACT Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The Brazilian Society of Hepatology (SBH) published in 2015 its first recommendations about the management of HCC. Since then, new data have emerged in the literature, prompting the governing board of SBH to sponsor a single-topic meeting in August 2018 in São Paulo. All the invited experts were asked to make a systematic review of the literature reviewing the management of HCC in subjects with cirrhosis. After the meeting, all panelists gathered together for the discussion of the topics and the elaboration of updated recommendations. The text was subsequently submitted for suggestions and approval of all members of the Brazilian Society of Hepatology through its homepage. The present manuscript is the final version of the reviewed manuscript containing the recommendations of SBH.

RESUMO O carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) é uma das principais causas de mortalidade relacionada a câncer no Brasil e no mundo. A Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH) publicou em 2015 suas primeiras recomendações sobre a abordagem do CHC. Desde então, novas evidências sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento do CHC foram relatadas na literatura médica, levando a diretoria da SBH a promover uma reunião monotemática sobre câncer primário de fígado em agosto de 2018 com o intuito de atualizar as recomendações sobre o manejo da neoplasia. Um grupo de experts foi convidado para realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura e apresentar uma atualização baseada em evidências científicas visando que pudesse nortear a prática clínica multidisciplinar do CHC. O texto resultante foi submetido a avaliação e aprovação de todos membros da SBH através de sua homepage. O documento atual é a versão final que contêm as recomendações atualizadas e revisadas da SBH.

Impact of two different exercise programs on persistent cancer-related fatigue and physical fitness / O impacto de dois diferentes programas de exercício físico na performance física e na fadiga relacionada ao câncer

A fadiga relacionada ao câncer é um dos sintomas mais comuns entre pacientes com câncer, relatada em 70% a 100% desses pacientes resultando em uma redução significativa da qualidade de vida, funcionalidade e independência. O exercício físico tem sido identificado como um elemento central de reabilitação de muitas doenças crônicas como câncer, e cada vez mais evidências apoiam a tese de que a atividade física é uma intervenção útil, que pode ser utilizada em conjunto com terapias convencionais durante o tratamento da fadiga relacionada ao câncer. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto de dois programas de exercício físico sobre os níveis de fadiga e desempenho físico de pacientes com câncer. Método: Relato deuma série consecutiva de 44 doentes adultos com doença neoplásica (sólido ou hematológicas), e diagnósticomédico de fadiga, submetidos a dois diferentes programas de exercício físico. Todos os doentes foramavaliados quanto a desempenho físico com o uso do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e avaliados quantoaos níveis de fadiga com o teste de Piper, antes e depois de 4 meses de atividade física supervisionada(exercícios aeróbicos isolados e treino de resistência combinado ao exercícios aeróbicos). Resultados: Após16 semanas, os doentes que participaram do programa de exercícios aeróbicos ou que participaram doprotocolo de exercício aeróbico combinado com anaeróbio, relataram níveis significativamente mais elevadosdo desempenho físico (6 minutos teste de caminhada, p = 0,0009 e p = 0,001, respectivamente) eníveis de fadiga significativamente menor (PFS- R, p = 0,003 e p = 0,002, respectivamente) do que no iníciodo programa de exercícios. Conclusão: Estes resultados demonstram que tanto um protocolo de exercícioaeróbico quanto de exercício aeróbico combinado com exercício anaeróbio apresentam melhora significativado desempenho físico e dos níveis de fadiga de doentes oncológicos. Os dados deste estudo corroborama literatura mostrando que a atividade física é uma estratégia eficaz para o tratamento da fadiga. Os resultadosdeste estudo confirmam que o exercício físico pode ser útil na reabilitação de sobreviventes de câncer,especialmente para pacientes com fadiga oncológica.

Cancer-related fatigue is a common symptom in patients with cancer, which is experienced by 70% to 100% of these patients and brings some impairment of physical and mental performance, hinders their working or carrying out regular daily activities, and hence results in a substantial reduction of the quality of life. Physical exercise has consistently been identified as a central element of rehabilitation for many chronic diseases like cancer, and increasing evidence supports the contention that physical activity is a valuable intervention that can be utilized in conjunction with conventional therapies during CRF treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a program of physical exercise on fatigue levels and physical performance of cancer patients. Method: A consecutive series of 44 adult patients with neoplastic disease (solid or hematological), with a medical diagnosis of fatigue, who were enrolled in an oncological treatment, with the ability to walk and willing to enter a rehabilitation program of exercise for at least 4 consecutive months. The exercise program was performed two times per week, each session lasting one hour and consisting of aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises. The protocol was divided into aerobic exercise and resistance training combined with aerobic exercise. The patients were evaluated with two assessments: one prior to their beginning the exercise program and other at the end of the four-month program. In both assessments the patients completed the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale and the six-minute walk test. The primary outcome of change over baseline and after 16 weeks in PFS-R score and six-minute walk test were compared using a two sample two-sided t-test for both groups. Alpha level was set at P<0.05. Results: After 16 weeks, the patients who participated in the aerobic or the combined exercise program reported significantly higher levels of physical functioning (6-minute walking test, p = 0.0009 and p = 0.001, respectively) and significantly lower fatigue (PFS-R, p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively) than at the beginning the exercise program. Conclusion: The results of patients who underwent aerobic or aerobic + anaerobic exercise showed statistically significant improvement of physical performance and of fatigue. Data from this study corroborates with the literature showing that exercise programs with aerobic or resistance exercises are an effective strategy for the treatment of fatigue. The results of this study confirm that physical exercise could be useful in rehabilitation of cancer survivors, especially for fatigued patients.

Lactate and base deficit are predictors of mortality in critically ill patients with cancer

OBJECTIVE: Cancer patients frequently require admission to intensive care unit. However, there are a few data regarding predictive factors for mortality in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether arterial lactate or standard base deficit on admission and after 24 hours can predict mortality for patients with cancer. METHODS: We evaluated 1,129 patients with severe sepsis, septic shock, or postoperative after high-risk surgery. Lactate and standard base deficit collected at admission and after 24 hours were compared between survivors and non-survivors. We evaluated whether these perfusion markers are independent predictors of mortality. RESULTS: There were 854 hospital survivors (76.5 percent). 24 h lactate .1.9 mmol/L and standard base deficit , -2.3 were independent predictors of intensive care unit mortality. 24 h lactate .1.9 mmol/L and 24 h standard base deficit , -2.3 mmol/Lwere independent predictors of hospital death. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that lactate and standard base deficit measurement should be included in the routine assessment of patients with cancer admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis, septic shock or after highrisk surgery. These markers may be useful in the adequate allocation of resources in this population.

Estudo de fase II avaliando eficácia e toxicidade de UFT (uracil e tegafur) e leucovorin, administrados duas vezes ao dia, no tratamento de pacientes com câncer metastático de cólon e reto / Phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of UFT and toxicity of UFT and leucovorin twice-daily as a treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer

O desenvolvimento clínico de novos fármacos é uma tarefa bastante complexa, que requer a participação de um grande número de investigadores e instituições. A disponibilidade de fármacos ativos contra o câncer de cólon e reto avançado sempre foi limitada, e por muitos anos este foi considerado um tumor resistente ao tratamento sistêmico, sendo essencialmente incurável a partir do momento em que se detectavam metástases à distância. Entretanto, a última década testemunhou um notável progresso no tratamento desta doença, graças ao desenvolvimento de diversos novos fármacos. Material e métodos: Revisamos nossa contribuição ao tratamento do câncer de cólon e reto avançado, representada por 94 manuscritos indexados (Pubmed, 06/08/2007), e 82 trabalhos apresentados em congressos internacionais...

Introduction: The clinical development of new drugs is a complex task that requires the participation of a large number of investigators and institutions. The availability of active drugs against advanced colorectal cancer has always been limited, and for many years this was considered a resistant tumor, which was essentially incurable once it had metastasized. However, the last decade has witnessed a remarkable progress in the treatment of this disease, thanks to the development of several new drugs. Material e methods: We reviewed our contribution to the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer through 94 indexed manuscripts (Pubmed, august 06, 2007), and 82 abstracts presented at International Congresses. Of those, we selected 51 publications that best represent our line of research, and our contribution to the treatment of this cancer. Results: We have a total of 10 drugs with proven activity against colorectal cancer. We have contributed in a substantial way for the clinical approval of two of those drugs, the oral capecitabine and the UFT, which can replace the old 5-fluorouracil with some advantages. We have also participated in the clinical development of irinotecan, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab and cetuximabe. Conclusion: We have participated in the development of the majority of new drugs available for the treatment of colorectal cancer. The availability of these new drugs has changed the natural history of this tumor, and patients may now expect not only an increase in median survival, but the presence of distant metastasis is not necessarily an impediment for a treatment with curative intent.